• Classic crossing-number ray-casting point-in-polygon test on a tuple-array polygon. Returns true when p lies strictly inside the polygon. Behaviour at vertices / along edges is unspecified — callers should keep the test point off the boundary, or use an inflated polygon when grazing inputs are possible.

    O(n) per query. No early exit; consider a per-polygon bounding- box pre-test if the caller batches many queries against the same ring.

    Parameters

    Returns boolean